Trading voyages organised by the merchant towns of northern Europe
Peaceful journeys of devotion made by individuals travelling to holy places
Military expeditions called by popes to win control of Jerusalem and its region✓الإجابة الصحيحة
Wars fought between the kingdoms of western Europe over disputed royal succession
الشرح
These were armed expeditions raised in the Latin west at papal summons, whose declared aim was to take and hold a particular city in the eastern Mediterranean and the lands around it. Confusing them with individual journeys of devotion fails because those were undertaken privately and unarmed, whereas these campaigns had armies, commanders and a military objective.