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A scholar in the twelfth century wants a copy of an older Latin work. How would that copy have been produced, and where was such work often done?

Printed with movable type in a town workshop and sold ready-made
Written out by hand, often by monks working in a monastery's scriptoriumՃիշտ պատասխան
Copied by hand only in the workshops of merchant guilds, which controlled all book making
Reproduced from carved wooden blocks in every large parish church

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In the twelfth century every book in Europe was written out letter by letter, and monastic scriptoria were among the main places where that labour was organised, which is why so many older texts survived through monastic copies. Printing with movable type fails as an alternative because it did not reach Europe until the middle of the fifteenth century, three hundred years later.

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